Analysis Of Michael Gondry s Eternal Sunshine Of The...

Intro: Michael Gondry’s Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Eternal Sunshine) (2004), is a sci-fi romantic comedy drama film. The film follows Joel Barish and his attempts to forget his ex-girfriend Clementine Krucynski through a New York City firm called Lacuna inc. which focuses on memory erasing. The firm uses highly developed technology in order to erase Joel’s memories of Clementine, which ultimately leads Joel to re-meeting Clementine, and attempt to create a new relationship although the two have knowledge about their previous relationship, yet no memory of their relationship. As a result, the film highlights the issues of the human memory, and the ethical concerns of memory manipulation, which gives justifies critical discussion. These themes of memory and forgetting are highlighted through the films use of lighting, metaphors, and setting. This essay will attempt to critically analyse several scenes in Eternal Sunshine which discusses memory and forgetting i n relation to several theorists and their interpretation of memory. Para. 1: Eternal Sunshine’s illustration of remembering is one worthy of discussion. Within the film’s mise-en-scene, the use of the constant spotlight throughout the film suggests Joel’s attempt to keep the memories he has of Clemintine. An example of this is when we see Joel trying to hide Clemintine within his memories. The spotlight within the mise-en-scene of the film illuminates the both Joel and Clemintine as they run through what

Discussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of...

Discussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of Learning We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward. In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurable unconditioned response (UCR, e.g. saliva production) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS, e.g. food). In the course of the training, the CS is repeatedly presented together with the UCS; eventually the subject forms an association between†¦show more content†¦If a CS is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the CR will disappear. In Pavlovs case, if a dog learns to associate the sound of a bell with food and then the bell is rung repeatedly but no food appears, the dog will soon stop salivating to the bell. Another principle to classical conditioning is the spontaneous recovery. Supposing that a response is classically conditioned then extinguished. If a few hours or days later, the CS is presented again, the CR will probably reappear. As spontaneous recovery is a term used for this temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay. Thus, the elimination of a conditioned response usually requires more than one extinction lesson. Pavlovs dog who was conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell of one tone may well salivate to a similar sounding bell or a buzzer. Stimulus generalisation is the extension of the conditioned response from the original stimulus to a similar stimuli. The conditioned response to a similar stimulus is not as strong as the response to the original stimulus; the less similar the weaker the response. An animal or person can be taught to choose between stimuli, that is to discriminate stimuli. For example, is a dog is shown a red circle everytime he is fed, then he will salivate at the sight of the red circle alone. However, the dog will usually generalise this response to that they may respond to circles of other colours. If we only feed theShow MoreRelatedPhobias and Addictions Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning865 Words   |  4 PagesAddictions as Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning Introduction People can become conditioned to respond to various stimuli in positive and negative ways, including phobias and addictions. 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Angels Demons Chapter 118-120 Free Essays

string(36) " was surprised when their eyes met\." 118 Eleven-forty-two P.M. The frenzied convoy that plunged back into the basilica to retrieve the camerlegno was not one Langdon had ever imagined he would be part of†¦ much less leading. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 118-120 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But he had been closest to the door and had acted on instinct. He’ll die in here, Langdon thought, sprinting over the threshold into the darkened void. â€Å"Camerlegno! Stop!† The wall of blackness that hit Langdon was absolute. His pupils were contracted from the glare outside, and his field of vision now extended no farther than a few feet before his face. He skidded to a stop. Somewhere in the blackness ahead, he heard the camerlegno’s cassock rustle as the priest ran blindly into the abyss. Vittoria and the guards arrived immediately. Flashlights came on, but the lights were almost dead now and did not even begin to probe the depths of the basilica before them. The beams swept back and forth, revealing only columns and bare floor. The camerlegno was nowhere to be seen. â€Å"Camerlegno!† Chartrand yelled, fear in his voice. â€Å"Wait! Signore!† A commotion in the doorway behind them caused everyone to turn. Chinita Macri’s large frame lurched through the entry. Her camera was shouldered, and the glowing red light on top revealed that it was still transmitting. Glick was running behind her, microphone in hand, yelling for her to slow down. Langdon could not believe these two. This is not the time! â€Å"Out!† Chartrand snapped. â€Å"This is not for your eyes!† But Macri and Glick kept coming. â€Å"Chinita!† Glick sounded fearful now. â€Å"This is suicide! I’m not coming!† Macri ignored him. She threw a switch on her camera. The spotlight on top glared to life, blinding everyone. Langdon shielded his face and turned away in pain. Damn it! When he looked up, though, the church around them was illuminated for thirty yards. At that moment the camerlegno’s voice echoed somewhere in the distance. â€Å"Upon this rock I will build my church!† Macri wheeled her camera toward the sound. Far off, in the grayness at the end of the spotlight’s reach, black fabric billowed, revealing a familiar form running down the main aisle of the basilica. There was a fleeting instant of hesitation as everyone’s eyes took in the bizarre image. Then the dam broke. Chartrand pushed past Langdon and sprinted after the camerlegno. Langdon took off next. Then the guards and Vittoria. Macri brought up the rear, lighting everyone’s way and transmitting the sepulchral chase to the world. An unwilling Glick cursed aloud as he tagged along, fumbling through a terrified blow-by-blow commentary. The main aisle of St. Peter’s Basilica, Lieutenant Chartrand had once figured out, was longer than an Olympic soccer field. Tonight, however, it felt like twice that. As the guard sprinted after the camerlegno, he wondered where the man was headed. The camerlegno was clearly in shock, delirious no doubt from his physical trauma and bearing witness to the horrific massacre in the Pope’s office. Somewhere up ahead, beyond the reach of the BBC spotlight, the camerlegno’s voice rang out joyously. â€Å"Upon this rock I will build my church!† Chartrand knew the man was shouting Scripture – Matthew 16:18, if Chartrand recalled correctly. Upon this rock I will build my church. It was an almost cruelly inapt inspiration – the church was about to be destroyed. Surely the camerlegno had gone mad. Or had he? For a fleeting instant, Chartrand’s soul fluttered. Holy visions and divine messages had always seemed like wishful delusions to him – the product of overzealous minds hearing what they wanted to hear – God did not interact directly! A moment later, though, as if the Holy Spirit Himself had descended to persuade Chartrand of His power, Chartrand had a vision. Fifty yards ahead, in the center of the church, a ghost appeared†¦ a diaphanous, glowing outline. The pale shape was that of the half-naked camerlegno. The specter seemed transparent, radiating light. Chartrand staggered to a stop, feeling a knot tighten in his chest. The camerlegno is glowing! The body seemed to shine brighter now. Then, it began to sink†¦ deeper and deeper, until it disappeared as if by magic into the blackness of the floor. Langdon had seen the phantom also. For a moment, he too thought he had witnessed a magical vision. But as he passed the stunned Chartrand and ran toward the spot where the camerlegno had disappeared, he realized what had just happened. The camerlegno had arrived at the Niche of the Palliums – the sunken chamber lit by ninety-nine oil lamps. The lamps in the niche shone up from beneath, illuminating him like a ghost. Then, as the camerlegno descended the stairs into the light, he had seemed to disappear beneath the floor. Langdon arrived breathless at the rim overlooking the sunken room. He peered down the stairs. At the bottom, lit by the golden glow of oil lamps, the camerlegno dashed across the marble chamber toward the set of glass doors that led to the room holding the famous golden box. What is he doing? Langdon wondered. Certainly he can’t think the golden box – The camerlegno yanked open the doors and ran inside. Oddly though, he totally ignored the golden box, rushing right past it. Five feet beyond the box, he dropped to his knees and began struggling to lift an iron grate embedded in the floor. Langdon watched in horror, now realizing where the camerlegno was headed. Good God, no! He dashed down the stairs after him. â€Å"Father! Don’t!† As Langdon opened the glass doors and ran toward the camerlegno, he saw the camerlegno heave on the grate. The hinged, iron bulkhead fell open with a deafening crash, revealing a narrow shaft and a steep stairway that dropped into nothingness. As the camerlegno moved toward the hole, Langdon grabbed his bare shoulders and pulled him back. The man’s skin was slippery with sweat, but Langdon held on. The camerlegno wheeled, obviously startled. â€Å"What are you doing!† Langdon was surprised when their eyes met. You read "Angels Demons Chapter 118-120" in category "Essay examples" The camerlegno no longer had the glazed look of a man in a trance. His eyes were keen, glistening with a lucid determination. The brand on his chest looked excruciating. â€Å"Father,† Langdon urged, as calmly as possible, â€Å"you can’t go down there. We need to evacuate.† â€Å"My son,† the camerlegno said, his voice eerily sane. â€Å"I have just had a message. I know – â€Å" â€Å"Camerlegno!† It was Chartrand and the others. They came dashing down the stairs into the room, lit by Macri’s camera. When Chartrand saw the open grate in the floor, his eyes filled with dread. He crossed himself and shot Langdon a thankful look for having stopped the camerlegno. Langdon understood; had read enough about Vatican architecture to know what lay beneath that grate. It was the most sacred place in all of Christendom. Terra Santa. Holy Ground. Some called it the Necropolis. Some called it the Catacombs. According to accounts from the select few clergy who had descended over the years, the Necropolis was a dark maze of subterranean crypts that could swallow a visitor whole if he lost his way. It was not the kind of place through which they wanted to be chasing the camerlegno. â€Å"Signore,† Chartrand pleaded. â€Å"You’re in shock. We need to leave this place. You cannot go down there. It’s suicide.† The camerlegno seemed suddenly stoic. He reached out and put a quiet hand on Chartrand’s shoulder. â€Å"Thank you for your concern and service. I cannot tell you how. I cannot tell you I understand. But I have had a revelation. I know where the antimatter is.† Everyone stared. The camerlegno turned to the group. â€Å"Upon this rock I will build my church. That was the message. The meaning is clear.† Langdon was still unable to comprehend the camerlegno’s conviction that he had spoken to God, much less that he had deciphered the message. Upon this rock I will build my church? They were the words spoken by Jesus when he chose Peter as his first apostle. What did they have to do with anything? Macri moved in for a closer shot. Glick was mute, as if shell-shocked. The camerlegno spoke quickly now. â€Å"The Illuminati have placed their tool of destruction on the very cornerstone of this church. At the foundation.† He motioned down the stairs. â€Å"On the very rock upon which this church was built. And I know where that rock is.† Langdon was certain the time had come to overpower the camerlegno and carry him off. As lucid as he seemed, the priest was talking nonsense. A rock? The cornerstone in the foundation? The stairway before them didn’t lead to the foundation, it led to the necropolis! â€Å"The quote is a metaphor, Father! There is no actual rock!† The camerlegno looked strangely sad. â€Å"There is a rock, my son.† He pointed into the hole. â€Å"Pietro e la pietra.† Langdon froze. In an instant it all came clear. The austere simplicity of it gave him chills. As Langdon stood there with the others, staring down the long staircase, he realized that there was indeed a rock buried in the darkness beneath this church. Pietro e la pietra. Peter is the rock. Peter’s faith in God was so steadfast that Jesus called Peter â€Å"the rock† – the unwavering disciple on whose shoulders Jesus would build his church. On this very location, Langdon realized – Vatican Hill – Peter had been crucified and buried. The early Christians built a small shrine over his tomb. As Christianity spread, the shrine got bigger, layer upon layer, culminating in this colossal basilica. The entire Catholic faith had been built, quite literally, upon St. Peter. The rock. â€Å"The antimatter is on St. Peter’s tomb,† the camerlegno said, his voice crystalline. Despite the seemingly supernatural origin of the information, Langdon sensed a stark logic in it. Placing the antimatter on St. Peter’s tomb seemed painfully obvious now. The Illuminati, in an act of symbolic defiance, had located the antimatter at the core of Christendom, both literally and figuratively. The ultimate infiltration. â€Å"And if you all need worldly proof,† the camerlegno said, sounding impatient now, â€Å"I just found that grate unlocked.† He pointed to the open bulkhead in the floor. â€Å"It is never unlocked. Someone has been down there†¦ recently.† Everyone stared into the hole. An instant later, with deceptive agility, the camerlegno spun, grabbed an oil lamp, and headed for the opening. 119 The stone steps declined steeply into the earth. I’m going to die down here, Vittoria thought, gripping the heavy rope banister as she bounded down the cramped passageway behind the others. Although Langdon had made a move to stop the camerlegno from entering the shaft, Chartrand had intervened, grabbing Langdon and holding on. Apparently, the young guard was now convinced the camerlegno knew what he was doing. After a brief scuffle, Langdon had freed himself and pursued the camerlegno with Chartrand close on his heels. Instinctively, Vittoria had dashed after them. Now she was racing headlong down a precipitous grade where any misplaced step could mean a deadly fall. Far below, she could see the golden glow of the camerlegno’s oil lamp. Behind her, Vittoria could hear the BBC reporters hurrying to keep up. The camera spotlight threw gnarled shadows beyond her down the shaft, illuminating Chartrand and Langdon. Vittoria could scarcely believe the world was bearing witness to this insanity. Turn off the damn camera! Then again, she knew the light was the only reason any of them could see where they were going. As the bizarre chase continued, Vittoria’s thoughts whipped like a tempest. What could the camerlegno possibly do down here? Even if he found the antimatter? There was no time! Vittoria was surprised to find her intuition now telling her the camerlegno was probably right. Placing the antimatter three stories beneath the earth seemed an almost noble and merciful choice. Deep underground – much as in Z-lab – an antimatter annihilation would be partially contained. There would be no heat blast, no flying shrapnel to injure onlookers, just a biblical opening of the earth and a towering basilica crumbling into a crater. Was this Kohler’s one act of decency? Sparing lives? Vittoria still could not fathom the director’s involvement. She could accept his hatred of religion†¦ but this awesome conspiracy seemed beyond him. Was Kohler’s loathing really this profound? Destruction of the Vatican? Hiring an assassin? The murders of her father, the Pope, and four cardinals? It seemed unthinkable. And how had Kohler managed all this treachery within the Vatican walls? Rocher was Kohler’s inside man, Vittoria told herself. Rocher was an Illuminatus. No doubt Captain Rocher had keys to everything – the Pope’s chambers, Il Passetto, the Necropolis, St. Peter’s tomb, all of it. He could have placed the antimatter on St. Peter’s tomb – a highly restricted locale – and then commanded his guards not to waste time searching the Vatican’s restricted areas. Rocher knew nobody would ever find the canister. But Rocher never counted on the camerlegno’s message from above. The message. This was the leap of faith Vittoria was still struggling to accept. Had God actually communicated with the camerlegno? Vittoria’s gut said no, and yet hers was the science of entanglement physics – the study of interconnectedness. She witnessed miraculous communications every day – twin sea-turtle eggs separated and placed in labs thousands of miles apart hatching at the same instant†¦ acres of jellyfish pulsating in perfect rhythm as if of a single mind. There are invisible lines of communication everywhere, she thought. But between God and man? Vittoria wished her father were there to give her faith. He had once explained divine communication to her in scientific terms, and he had made her believe. She still remembered the day she had seen him praying and asked him, â€Å"Father, why do you bother to pray? God cannot answer you.† Leonardo Vetra had looked up from his meditations with a paternal smile. â€Å"My daughter the skeptic. So you don’t believe God speaks to man? Let me put it in your language.† He took a model of the human brain down from a shelf and set it in front of her. â€Å"As you probably know, Vittoria, human beings normally use a very small percentage of their brain power. However, if you put them in emotionally charged situations – like physical trauma, extreme joy or fear, deep meditation – all of a sudden their neurons start firing like crazy, resulting in massively enhanced mental clarity.† â€Å"So what?† Vittoria said. â€Å"Just because you think clearly doesn’t mean you talk to God.† â€Å"Aha!† Vetra exclaimed. â€Å"And yet remarkable solutions to seemingly impossible problems often occur in these moments of clarity. It’s what gurus call higher consciousness. Biologists call it altered states. Psychologists call it super-sentience.† He paused. â€Å"And Christians call it answered prayer.† Smiling broadly, he added, â€Å"Sometimes, divine revelation simply means adjusting your brain to hear what your heart already knows.† Now, as she dashed down, headlong into the dark, Vittoria sensed perhaps her father was right. Was it so hard to believe that the camerlegno’s trauma had put his mind in a state where he had simply â€Å"realized† the antimatter’s location? Each of us is a God, Buddha had said. Each of us knows all. We need only open our minds to hear our own wisdom. It was in that moment of clarity, as Vittoria plunged deeper into the earth, that she felt her own mind open†¦ her own wisdom surface. She sensed now without a doubt what the camerlegno’s intentions were. Her awareness brought with it a fear like nothing she had ever known. â€Å"Camerlegno, no!† she shouted down the passage. â€Å"You don’t understand!† Vittoria pictured the multitudes of people surrounding Vatican City, and her blood ran cold. â€Å"If you bring the antimatter up†¦ everyone will die!† Langdon was leaping three steps at a time now, gaining ground. The passage was cramped, but he felt no claustrophobia. His once debilitating fear was overshadowed by a far deeper dread. â€Å"Camerlegno!† Langdon felt himself closing the gap on the lantern’s glow. â€Å"You must leave the antimatter where it is! There’s no other choice!† Even as Langdon spoke the words, he could not believe them. Not only had he accepted the camerlegno’s divine revelation of the antimatter’s location, but he was lobbying for the destruction of St. Peter’s Basilica – one of the greatest architectural feats on earth†¦ as well as all of the art inside. But the people outside†¦ it’s the only way. It seemed a cruel irony that the only way to save the people now was to destroy the church. Langdon figured the Illuminati were amused by the symbolism. The air coming up from the bottom of the tunnel was cool and dank. Somewhere down here was the sacred necropolis†¦ burial place of St. Peter and countless other early Christians. Langdon felt a chill, hoping this was not a suicide mission. Suddenly, the camerlegno’s lantern seemed to halt. Langdon closed on him fast. The end of the stairs loomed abruptly from out of the shadows. A wrought-iron gate with three embossed skulls blocked the bottom of the stairs. The camerlegno was there, pulling the gate open. Langdon leapt, pushing the gate shut, blocking the camerlegno’s way. The others came thundering down the stairs, everyone ghostly white in the BBC spotlight†¦ especially Glick, who was looking more pasty with every step. Chartrand grabbed Langdon. â€Å"Let the camerlegno pass!† â€Å"No!† Vittoria said from above, breathless. â€Å"We must evacuate right now! You cannot take the antimatter out of here! If you bring it up, everyone outside will die!† The camerlegno’s voice was remarkably calm. â€Å"All of you†¦ we must trust. We have little time.† â€Å"You don’t understand,† Vittoria said. â€Å"An explosion at ground level will be much worse than one down here!† The camerlegno looked at her, his green eyes resplendently sane. â€Å"Who said anything about an explosion at ground level?† Vittoria stared. â€Å"You’re leaving it down here?† The camerlegno’s certitude was hypnotic. â€Å"There will be no more death tonight.† â€Å"Father, but – â€Å" â€Å"Please†¦ some faith.† The camerlegno’s voice plunged to a compelling hush. â€Å"I am not asking anyone to join me. You are all free to go. All I am asking is that you not interfere with His bidding. Let me do what I have been called to do.† The camerlegno’s stare intensified. â€Å"I am to save this church. And I can. I swear on my life.† The silence that followed might as well have been thunder. 120 Eleven-fifty-one P.M. Necropolis literally means City of the Dead. Nothing Robert Langdon had ever read about this place prepared him for the sight of it. The colossal subterranean hollow was filled with crumbling mausoleums, like small houses on the floor of a cave. The air smelled lifeless. An awkward grid of narrow walkways wound between the decaying memorials, most of which were fractured brick with marble platings. Like columns of dust, countless pillars of unexcavated earth rose up, supporting a dirt sky, which hung low over the penumbral hamlet. City of the dead, Langdon thought, feeling trapped between academic wonder and raw fear. He and the others dashed deeper down the winding passages. Did I make the wrong choice? Chartrand had been the first to fall under the camerlegno’s spell, yanking open the gate and declaring his faith in the camerlegno. Glick and Macri, at the camerlegno’s suggestion, had nobly agreed to provide light to the quest, although considering what accolades awaited them if they got out of here alive, their motivations were certainly suspect. Vittoria had been the least eager of all, and Langdon had seen in her eyes a wariness that looked, unsettlingly, a lot like female intuition. It’s too late now, he thought, he and Vittoria dashing after the others. We’re committed. Vittoria was silent, but Langdon knew they were thinking the same thing. Nine minutes is not enough time to get the hell out of Vatican City if the camerlegno is wrong. As they ran on through the mausoleums, Langdon felt his legs tiring, noting to his surprise that the group was ascending a steady incline. The explanation, when it dawned on him, sent shivers to his core. The topography beneath his feet was that of Christ’s time. He was running up the original Vatican Hill! Langdon had heard Vatican scholars claim that St. Peter’s tomb was near the top of Vatican Hill, and he had always wondered how they knew. Now he understood. The damn hill is still here! Langdon felt like he was running through the pages of history. Somewhere ahead was St. Peter’s tomb – the Christian relic. It was hard to imagine that the original grave had been marked only with a modest shrine. Not any more. As Peter’s eminence spread, new shrines were built on top of the old, and now, the homage stretched 440 feet overhead to the top of Michelangelo’s dome, the apex positioned directly over the original tomb within a fraction of an inch. They continued ascending the sinuous passages. Langdon checked his watch. Eight minutes. He was beginning to wonder if he and Vittoria would be joining the deceased here permanently. â€Å"Look out!† Glick yelled from behind them. â€Å"Snake holes!† Langdon saw it in time. A series of small holes riddled the path before them. He leapt, just clearing them. Vittoria jumped too, barely avoiding the narrow hollows. She looked uneasy as they ran on. â€Å"Snake holes?† â€Å"Snack holes, actually,† Langdon corrected. â€Å"Trust me, you don’t want to know.† The holes, he had just realized, were libation tubes. The early Christians had believed in the resurrection of the flesh, and they’d used the holes to literally â€Å"feed the dead† by pouring milk and honey into crypts beneath the floor. The camerlegno felt weak. He dashed onward, his legs finding strength in his duty to God and man. Almost there. He was in incredible pain. The mind can bring so much more pain than the body. Still he felt tired. He knew he had precious little time. â€Å"I will save your church, Father. I swear it.† Despite the BBC lights behind him, for which he was grateful, the camerlegno carried his oil lamp high. I am a beacon in the darkness. I am the light. The lamp sloshed as he ran, and for an instant he feared the flammable oil might spill and burn him. He had experienced enough burned flesh for one evening. As he approached the top of the hill, he was drenched in sweat, barely able to breathe. But when he emerged over the crest, he felt reborn. He staggered onto the flat piece of earth where he had stood many times. Here the path ended. The necropolis came to an abrupt halt at a wall of earth. A tiny marker read: Mausoleum S. La tomba di San Pietro. Before him, at waist level, was an opening in the wall. There was no gilded plaque here. No fanfare. Just a simple hole in the wall, beyond which lay a small grotto and a meager, crumbling sarcophagus. The camerlegno gazed into the hole and smiled in exhaustion. He could hear the others coming up the hill behind him. He set down his oil lamp and knelt to pray. Thank you, God. It is almost over. Outside in the square, surrounded by astounded cardinals, Cardinal Mortati stared up at the media screen and watched the drama unfold in the crypt below. He no longer knew what to believe. Had the entire world just witnessed what he had seen? Had God truly spoken to the camerlegno? Was the antimatter really going to appear on St. Peter’s – â€Å"Look!† A gasp went up from the throngs. â€Å"There!† Everyone was suddenly pointing at the screen. â€Å"It’s a miracle!† Mortati looked up. The camera angle was unsteady, but it was clear enough. The image was unforgettable. Filmed from behind, the camerlegno was kneeling in prayer on the earthen floor. In front of him was a rough-hewn hole in the wall. Inside the hollow, among the rubble of ancient stone, was a terra cotta casket. Although Mortati had seen the coffin only once in his life, he knew beyond a doubt what it contained. San Pietro. Mortati was not naive enough to think that the shouts of joy and amazement now thundering through the crowd were exaltations from bearing witness to one of Christianity’s most sacred relics. St. Peter’s tomb was not what had people falling to their knees in spontaneous prayer and thanksgiving. It was the object on top of his tomb. The antimatter canister. It was there†¦ where it had been all day†¦ hiding in the darkness of the Necropolis. Sleek. Relentless. Deadly. The camerlegno’s revelation was correct. Mortati stared in wonder at the transparent cylinder. The globule of liquid still hovered at its core. The grotto around the canister blinked red as the LED counted down into its final five minutes of life. Also sitting on the tomb, inches away from the canister, was the wireless Swiss Guard security camera that had been pointed at the canister and transmitting all along. Mortati crossed himself, certain this was the most frightful image he had seen in his entire life. He realized, a moment later, however, that it was about to get worse. The camerlegno stood suddenly. He grabbed the antimatter in his hands and wheeled toward the others. His face showing total focus. He pushed past the others and began descending the Necropolis the way he had come, running down the hill. The camera caught Vittoria Vetra, frozen in terror. â€Å"Where are you going! Camerlegno! I thought you said – â€Å" â€Å"Have faith!† he exclaimed as he ran off. Vittoria spun toward Langdon. â€Å"What do we do?† Robert Langdon tried to stop the camerlegno, but Chartrand was running interference now, apparently trusting the camerlegno’s conviction. The picture coming from the BBC camera was like a roller coaster ride now, winding, twisting. Fleeting freeze-frames of confusion and terror as the chaotic cortege stumbled through the shadows back toward the Necropolis entrance. Out in the square, Mortati let out a fearful gasp. â€Å"Is he bringing that up here?† On televisions all over the world, larger than life, the camerlegno raced upward out of the Necropolis with the antimatter before him. â€Å"There will be no more death tonight!† But the camerlegno was wrong. How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 118-120, Essay examples

Organizational Governance and Leadership †Myasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Organizational Governance and Leadership? Answer: Introducation: I have conducted Quinn Management Questionnaire, where I have scored 89% as the mentor. This means I have capabilities to advise or train other people in my team. The result proves that I have the capability to help people and care for them. I have the tendency to appreciate the achievement of others in the workplace. Likewise, as the facilitator I scored 80%, which is referred to the capability of maintaining external legitimacy as well as deriving resources from outside. This skill helps me to become politically astute, with the significant power of conviction, influence as well as power. Similarly, I scored 80% as the monitor, which means I have the competencies to observe what is going around me. Based on the observation I can make judgment. With my competencies, I carry out inspection tours as well as draw up the overviews. As a director, I scored 78%; I make clear expectation with the means of planning and setting targets. I can effectively describe as well as define the proble ms. I believe that for the accomplishment of any task, it is necessary for set particular goals and objectives. In addition, as the producer, I scored 78%; the result derived from match with my skills and competencies. For example, I used to work at Mulberry, which was grocery store. I worked as the assistant production manager, where I had to supervise the work of the production team. I was broadly involved in the team and while working with the team I have observed that employees work in the production teams have to deal with increasing amount pressure. The employees would feel stressed and burdened with the workload. Being an assistant production manager, I tried to develop a work friendly environment to motivate the employees. At the same time, I would talk to the employees on a regular basis to identify their issues they face in the workplace. As an innovator, I scored 67%. I observe that I need to develop the skills of presenting the innovative ideas that is relevant to business co ntext. When I used to work as assistant production manager, I needed to apply new ideas to break down the process in the production team. In order to reduce the burden of work on employees, I wanted to apply a facilitated work process, where the tasks should be divided equally to all employees. However, I presented this idea of breaking down the work role but the senior authorities advised me that if the company applies the idea of breaking down the work process, the employees might not want to work at the same position. Thus, I realize that I need to develop new ideas with skills and experiences. In the emotional intelligence test, I have received an average score. This indicates that I judge the situation based on my intelligence. However, there are many situations where I become rational instead of using my own experience and emotion. This tendency sometimes helps me to resolve the issues but in many cases, I failed to find appropriate conclusion of the issues. For example, in last year, I had to deal with my family quarrel. I wanted to pursue an MBA in finance and for that; I needed to take admission in a University located in Singapore. I cleared the entrance exam and received the admission opportunity in the University. However, my mother did not expect me to go abroad at such young age. In addition, she would have been alone at home for years. I rationally thought and explained the importance of the course. Eventually, I convinced her but I ended up hurting the emotions of my mother. I should have completed the course in my home country. I should have been with her when she needed me the most. I realize I need to judge the issues or real-world problems with both emotion and intelligence. In the Situational leadership test, I have received an average score. However, there are many situations where I used my skills and experienced the control the overall situation. When I used to work in Mulberry, I supported the gender and racial diversity in the workplace. If any employee in the workplace makes unethical comment, which is against the equality of gender, I will ask the employee to come in my cabin in person. I will start up a formal conversation to convince that individual; thereby he/she further will not through such comment. Literature Review Power and Influence It was studied in the literature, there can be no leadership without influence as influencing behavior is about how leaders. In the literature, it is reviewed that there is a significant difference between the management as well as leadership. Hence, managing team or managing team workplace is referred to practice of accomplishing or having control over leading. The managers or leaders tend to use the intelligence as only a fraction of management work could properly be accomplished through control as well as the use of authority. The aim of both managers and leaders are to achieve organizational goals. The managers have to do it through plans, organization and the process (Daicoff 2012).The managers should direct people as well as manage their performance and on cannot manage people entirely through command as well as control process. The following literature discusses the key ideas and concepts regarding the power and influences and its impact on the leadership. Based on the discuss ion in the following literature, I focus on the weak areas I mentioned in the self-reflection above. I would particularly focus on some key aspects related to power and influence that are relevant to the weak areas found in the self-assessment. Definition of power and influence More than three decades ago, the social scientist John French in 1959 introduced five different sources of power within the organization such as legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent. The scholars have conducted several studies on these five sources of power and provided different conclusion such as, Finkelman (2015), mentioned that an individuals ability could influence others behavior as the individual holds a significant position in the organizations. Legitimate power- Legitimate or position power as it is often called or derived from a position of authority inside the company. In addition, it is often referred to as formal authority. The formal authority that organization gives to an individual acquiring a particular position is the influence over other individuals. The individual having legitimate power have realized the right to approach others to do things that come under their authority (Caligiuri Tarique 2012). For instance, when a manager approaches an employee to work late to complete a project or to work in a different project, the individual is exercising legitimate power. In this context, Smith et al., (2012) commented that subordinates play a significant role in the exercise of legitimate power. This means if the co-workers or subordinates consider the use of power as legitimate, they must have to deal comply with the authorities. Reward power- It is identified that reward power is referred to the individuals capability to influence other individuals behavior by providing them with the access to the things they want to receive. These rewards might be financial such as pay raises or non-monetary. According to Ramazani and Jergeas (2015), the reward power could use reward power to influence as well as control the employees behavior as long as the employees value the rewards. For instance, if manager provide employees what they think are rewards, but the employees do not value the offering, then the managers do not have reward power. Coercive power- As mentioned by Hall and Zierler (2015) coercive power is referred to the ability to influence individuals behavior by generating a perceived threat to do so. For instance, the employees could comply with the instruction provided by the managers due to the threat or fear of punishment. On the contrary, Muenjohn and Armstrong (2015) commented that typical organizational punishment often include reprimands, undesirable work assignments as well as negative influence that should be used with caution. It might result in a negative feeling towards those who use it. It is also identified that the availability of coercive power could differ from one organization as well as manager to another. In this context, Hogg (2015) properly defined rules as well as procedures administer how coercive power will be applied to prevent superiors from using legitimate power. Power, influence and leadership A significant deal of power that people have in the organizations comes from the particular jobs or titles which they possessive. In other words, they have the ability to others, as the formal power is associated with their positions. For instance, the President of United State has special power because of the words. These authorities are such as signing bills, declaration of war. This sort of power often remains vested in the position and they are available to all individuals who hold it. As put forward by Treadway et al., (2013) a true or honest leader is able to influence others as well as modify behavior through legitimate as well as referent power. For instance, Prime Minister of England David Cameron had a noble vision of about United Kingdom and the world but he did not combine groups or people to accomplish goals. As the consequence, the whole nation had to suffer from the dire consequence. On other side, President Truman as well as Johnson implemented their positions effecti vely as well as able to manipulate groups and to achieve their ends. Linking the specific aspects found in the self-assessment with the literature The self-assessment discussed above helps to learn that certain areas such as power, authority, decision-making, communication and skills of developing innovative ideas. According to the score provided by Quinn management survey, I lack ability to present the innovative ideas and concepts. In order to be innovative, the individual requires creativity, enterprising, integrating perspectives, forecasting, and managing change. Creativity General ideas- The individual needs to come up with the range of different approaches to issues resolving (Barrick, Mount Li, 2013). Critical thinking- The individual have to logically identify how different the possible are (whether strong or weak) Synthesis- The individual have to find effective ways to approach the problems through synthesizing as well as identifying the information Problem resolving- The individuals have to focus on using the novel ideas to resolve the problem as the leader. Enterprise Identification of the problem- It is necessary for the individual to pinpoint the actual the nature as well as cause of the problems Seeking improvement- The individuals have to constantly look for the ways that one could enhance Collection of information- The organizations have to identify the relevant sources of information as well as gather. The information must be used while making a strategic decision (Cook et al. 2013). Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be added that to gain the competencies and use them in the real context, the individual must go through certain phases of practice. In addition, to enhance the skills and knowledge, it is essential to set certain goals and based on the goals, the individual could implement the techniques. Moreover, it is also important to use the skills and knowledge to real context. The individual must have to use the skills to their life events. The above-mentioned literature helps to understand how power can be used to gain positive outcome from the context. With the help of self-assessment skills, I have also identified potential areas that I need to develop. Therefore, as the remedy, I have developed action plan of major events and activities that I will achieve through practices, application and self-learning. Key learning activities Current efficiencies Things I need to improve How to improve Timeline Communication skills I communicate with other colleagues on a regular basis. However, in a workplace, I face barriers to communicate with the senior management. Due to fear of poor communication skills, I could not front with the senior management. Even though, I have skills of informal communication, I need to develop my communication skills to communicate with the senior management in an organizational context. I need to get rid of fear communication. To improve my communication skills, I need to attend seminars, educational campaign, where I deliver speech regarding a particular context. In addition to this, I will study journal articles, books and other study materials regarding communication. 3 Months Problem Solving My experience in a workplace helps to observe that when I needed to take managerial decision such as changing the shit time employees, I could not implement the decision. The lack of confidence and rational skills are the potential barriers to me that affect my problem solving skills. Thus, I need to focus on my decision-making skills. By improving the decision making as well as rational thinning, I could develop my problem skills. In order to improve the decision-making skills, I need to focus on the purpose of decision. Thereafter, I will focus on gathering information. Likewise, I will identify the principles of judging the alternatives. 3 Months Table 1: Action Plan Table References Daicoff, S. S. (2012). Expanding the Lawyer's Toolkit of Skills and Competencies: Synthesizing Leadership, Professionalism, Emotional Intelligence, Conflict Resolution, and Comprehensive Law. Finkelman, A. (2015). Leadership and management for nurses: Core competencies for quality care. Pearson. Caligiuri, P., Tarique, I. (2012). Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness.Journal of World Business,47(4), 612-622. Smith, W. K., Besharov, M. L., Wessels, A. K., Chertok, M. (2012). A paradoxical leadership model for social entrepreneurs: Challenges, leadership skills, and pedagogical tools for managing social and commercial demands. Academy of Management Learning Education, 11(3), 463-478. Ramazani, J., Jergeas, G. (2015). Project managers and the journey from good to great: The benefits of investment in project management training and education.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), 41-52. Hall, L. W., Zierler, B. K. (2015). Interprofessional Education and Practice Guide No. 1: developing faculty to effectively facilitate interprofessional education.Journal of interprofessional care,29(1), 3-7. Muenjohn, N., Armstrong, A. (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Hogg, M. A. (2015). Constructive leadership across groups: How leaders can combat prejudice and conflict between subgroups. InAdvances in Group Processes(pp. 177-207). Emerald Group Publishing Limited Treadway, D. C., Breland, J. W., Williams, L. M., Cho, J., Yang, J., Ferris, G. R. (2013). Social influence and interpersonal power in organizations: Roles of performance and political skill in two studies.Journal of Management,39(6), 1529-1553. Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., Li, N. (2013). The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of Management Review,38(1), 132-153. Cook, K. S., Cheshire, C., Rice, E. R., Nakagawa, S. (2013). Social exchange theory. InHandbook of social psychology(pp. 61-88). Springer Netherlands.. Lisak, A., Erez, M. (2015). Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 3-14. Carter, D. R., DeChurch, L. A., Braun, M. T., Contractor, N. S. (2015). Social network approaches to leadership: An integrative conceptual review.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(3), 597.

ARPANET Essays - Wide Area Networks, ARPANET, Network Protocols

ARPANET The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In the late 1960's the U.S. military was desperately afraid of a nuclear attack from the Soviet Union. The United States formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense to establish a bombproof network to connect military bases. ARPANET's physical network was established in 1969 to enable universities and research organizations to exchange information freely. The first two nodes that formed the ARPANET were UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute, shortly after the University of Utah was added to ARPANET. The Network Control Protocol (NCP) was initially used as the ARPANET protocol, beginning in 1970. By 1971, a total of 23 hosts at 15 locations were connected to the ARPANET. The following year, the first international connections occurred, linking the University College of London (UK) and the Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) to the ARPANET. The way ARPANET was set up is so that if one of the network links became disrupted by enemy attack, the traffic on it could automatically be rerouted to other links. Fortunately, the Net rarely has come under enemy attack. In the 1970s, ARPA also sponsored further research into the applications of packet switching technologies. This included extending packet switching to ships at sea and ground mobile units and the use of radio for packet switching. Ethernet was created during the course of research into the use of radio for packet switching, and it was found that coaxial cable could support the movement of data at extremely fast rates of speed. The development of Ethernet was crucial to the growth of local area computer networks. The success of ARPANET made it difficult to manage, particularly with the large and growing number of university sites on it. So it was broken into two parts. The two parts consisted of MILNET, which had the military sites, and the new, smaller ARPANET, which had the nonmilitary sites. On January 1,1983, every machine connected to ARPANET had to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP (old ARPANET language) completely. Thanks to TCP/IP MILNET and ARPANET remained connected through a technical scheme called IP (Internet Protocol); which enables traffic to be routed from one network to another as necessary. All the networks connected to the Internet speak IP, so they all can exchange messages. Although there were only two networks at that time, IP was designed to allow for tens of thousands of networks. An unusual fact about the IP design is that every computer on an IP network is just as capable as any other, so any machine can communicate with any other machine. In 1985 the National Science Foundation began announcing plans for its new T1 lines, which would be finished by 1988. Soon after the completion of the T1 backbone, traffic increased so quickly that plans immediately began on upgrading the network again. The same year the concept of the T3, a 45 Mbps was introduced to the public. While the T3 lines were being constructed, the Department of Defense disbanded the ARPANET and the T1 and later T3 backbone replaced ARPANET. The original 50Kbs lines of ARPANET were taken out of service. In 1990 ARPANET was replaced by the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), the same company that founded the t1 and t3, to connect its supercomputers to regional networks. In my opinion I think the government did an excellent job in developing the Internet. Essentially, the ARPANET can be viewed as the embryo from which the Internet grew. The government fostered and encouraged the growth of private Internet corporations. Today the Internet spans across all 7 continents and connects the whole world with some clicks of a mouse and typing at the keyboard. Bibliography 1.)Casting the Net: From Arpanet to Internet and Beyond (Unix and Open Systems Series) Peter H. Salus / Paperback / Published 1995 2.) Building the Arpanet: Unpublished Source Documents of the First Peter Salus(Editor) / Hardcover / Published 1998

Hatchet2 essays

Hatchet2 essays 13 year old Brian Robinson is going to visit his father. His parents are divorced and his father lives in Canada. Brian has to take a plane to Canada. His mother gives him a gift before he leaves and it is a hatchet that fits on his belt so Brian puts it there. Brian meets the pilot and he is a nice man. Brian and the pilot get ready to leave and then Brian remembers that he saw a man kissing his mom but he does not let it bother him. Brian leaves and after an hour or so the pilot was yelling and screaming that his chest hurts. He had a heart attack and died. Now Brian had to fly the plain on his own. Brian Picked up the CB radio and called for help. He made contact with a man and Brian told him that the pilot had a heart attack and died and that he did not know how to fly a plane. Brian did not get an answer. Brian realized that when the pilot died the control stick moved and he did not know if he was going in the right direction. Brian was quickly running out of fuel. He needed a place to land. He spotted a lake shaped like a big L. He hit the water hard and hit his forehead. Brian got out of the plane and reached the surface and sat next to the tree for a while. When Brian can to his senses he realized that he was really thirsty and needed a drink badly. So he took a big drink of the lake. Now Brian had to find food. He found some eggs and raspberries and that is what he ate for a few days. Brian used his hatchet to start fires by using sparks from the hatchet by hitting it with a rock. He also cut fire wood with the hatchet and other things such as that. About two months later Brian went to the bottom of the lake to see if there was anything useful in the plane. There was a survival package that he brought up. There were many useful things in there like bandages and matches. Shortly after that a plane flew overhead and landed on the shore of the lake and it was t ...

The Role Of Women Throughout History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role Of Women Throughout History - Essay Example Henrik Ibsen, in his play A Doll’s House, explores the private world of oppression within a woman’s world and the ways in which she must rewire her thinking in order to gain freedom. As he explores individual self development, his characters must undergo great changes and sacrifices, many of which are still considered controversial in nature. The play A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen came at time when great awakenings about freedom were beginning to create discussions about who was entitled to freedom and in what ways that freedom could be expressed. One of the colloquialisms about women is that they are the ‘weaker sex’. While this comment is primarily intended to address physical strength, it also denotes a social attitude that women are also emotionally and intellectually weaker than men. As biological creatures, women are plagued with shifting hormones that effect their emotions, just as men are filled with testosterone that impacts on their anger. This has been used as an excuse to place women in a subservient role throughout history. Helmer in Ibsen’s play makes this point of imposing a subservience on women which has an implied sense that they lack intellectual capacity as he minimizes Nora through condescension. He calls her â€Å"The same little feather head.â€Å" and makes statements like â€Å"That is like a woman!â€Å", making diminishing commentaries and generalizations about the state of being a woman (Ibsen 6). While women have been considered the ’weaker sex’, during the time that Ibsen wrote his play women were gathering and making great demonstrations of strength towards accomplishing goals. Most of these goals were based upon securing freedom from the oppressed. Many of the great social movements of history, particularly in the late 19th century when Ibsen’s play was written, were started and run by women. Suffrage, as it was experienced in England, was accomplished through hun ger strikes that lasted for long periods of time with attacks made by guards to force tubes down their throats in order to force feed those who had starved themselves to make a point about women’s rights. The abolitionists in the United States were primarily women who worked to keep the underground railroad open in order to smuggle slaves out of the south and into freedom. Women participated in openly and dangerously protesting slavery until it was abolished. When motivated, women have shown great strength of conviction against a patriarchal system that through most of history has kept them as chattel. However, oppressions within the domestic sphere have worked against many women as they have tried to free themselves from the social pressures of gender identity as it is interpreted as weakness. In Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, he explores the differences between the domestic sphere and the public sphere as his female character, Nora, searches for emancipation fr om being subjected to infantilism which has led to her being treated as a child within her marriage. In an exchange about sweets, Helmer treats her like a naughty child, tempting her to admit to having gone to the confectionary to indulge in candy. He says that she looks uneasy and commands her to look straight at him to judge her honesty. The text states â€Å"Helmer (wagging his finger at her) Hasn’t Miss Sweet-Tooth been breaking rules in town today?†

Training Public Servants in the Public Sector Research Paper

Training Public Servants in the Public Sector - Research Paper Example Training and development can also be used to provide the workers with new knowledge that they can apply in the workplace. A good training and development program has both mandatory and voluntary trainings (Ncsu). Mandatory trainings are given to the entire staff. Offering other training opportunities is important so that employees that are motivated to become better workers can move up the corporate ladder. Employees that voluntarily take advantage of training opportunities have a better chance to be given a promotion by a firm. Providing training and development can help reduce the stress of the workers by adequately preparing them to perform their job tasks. Training and development initiatives are typically given by the managers, human resource department, or by an outside consultant. Preparing training and development programs in-house can help companies save money. Training and development can help motivate the staff (Bodimer, 2013). To determine whether training adds value to the firm the organization must perform a cost-value analysis. New employees are often given on-the-job training. On-the-jo b training is the most widely method used for training. On-the-job training involves placing the employee into the real work situation and shown the job and the tricks of the trade by an experienced employee or the supervisor (Ivancevich, 2001). A training method that can be used to develop managerial decision making is the in-basket technique. Managerial games emphasize development of problem solving skills. A few years ago I worked at a company that was suffering from productivity issues. The managers of the company were not able to identify the source of the problem. The general manager of the company hired a consulting firm to assess the situation. After one week of observation and analysis the consultant determined that the productivity of

Cost control analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Cost control analysis - Research Paper Example was identified as a key factor contributing to poor cost control measures, leading the management to expend resources that it would have invested in something else. Solutions on these defects in cost management have been identified through the research. Adoption of Just-in-time model will ensure irrelevant costs have been scraped; lean manufacturing model, on the other hand, will reduce the wastage of resources as suggested by one of the cooks in the interview conducted during the research. Results of the recommendation will be evidence on the profit levels and efficiency in operations The level of profit a firm can generate in a given fiscal year not only depends on the sales level, but also it cost control measures. Cost can be defined as the amount incurred by an organization in its pursuit for generating income. This therefore, means that costs are inevitable in any organization that intends to generate income. Costs are classified according to the relationship with the level of production. There are two main types of costs namely; Fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed costs do not vary with the level of production while variable cost varies with the level of production (Evans, 1964). During the internship program at Joe’s Excellent Chinese, these costs were evidenced on the production processes. In this paper, research will be conducted to identify the causes for the cost increase and how it can be controlled for overall benefit of Joe’s Excellent Chinese Cuisine. The problem for this research rotates around cost with its implication in the profit generated in a given fiscal year. Costs are unavoidable, and it is upon the management of Joe’s Excellent Chinese to come up with a strategy that will minimize the cost. Competitors of the firm offer same product (food) at an almost same price. This has created a problem for Joe’s Excellent Chinese since consumers do not see any difference as far as price is concerned. It should be noted that consumers are

Dangerous Stunts Seen On Youtube English Language Essay

Dangerous Stunts Seen On Youtube English Language Essay David Nuno became the latest teenager to die in a freak accident this week trying to duplicate a stunt he saw on YouTube called the good kids high. Nuno, 15, and his two friends were watching a YouTube video of how to pass out on purpose before trying it out on Tuesday, Chula Vista Police Capt. Gary Wedge said. Just like in the video, Nuno was standing before he lost consciousness. When he fell forward, he crashed onto an empty drinking glass and broke it with his collarbone, allowing the shard to slice through his interior and exterior jugular arteries. His friends didnt see the blood until they rolled him over, prompting one to race down the stairs to find Nunos father, Wedge said. As Nuno regained consciousness, he realized he was bleeding and ran down the stairs just as his father was running up to help him. As his father applied pressure to the wound with a towel, Nuno collapsed on the floor. Emergency responders arrived and tried to stop the bleeding, but Nunos pulse disappeared. They performed CPR, but he died shortly after he got to the hospital, Wedge said. Anytime a teen dies, its tragic, Wedge said, adding that hed never seen anyone try to asphyxiate himself to get high before Tuesday, but hes learned its much more common than people realize. Nunos death isnt the first like it not even the first this month. A  12-year-old  suffocated to death in Wisconsin trying to achieve a pass-out high last Thursday. The Dangerous Behaviors Foundation asked victims parents to report choking game deaths and recorded  416 fatalities  as of last September. Emergency rooms are seeing more and more teens with injuries that result from emulating things they see on YouTube videos that include the choking game, and other more innocuous sounding but deadly games such as thecinnamon challenge, the  salt-and-ice challenge, chubby bunny  and even extreme fighting. Dr. Thomas Abramo, the chief of pediatric emergency medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, said he sees all of it in his ER. Although teens have acted on risky behavior fads throughout his 30-year career, he said hes seeing trends catch on faster than ever before, and he thinks its because of YouTube and social media. If you get one kid doing it, you tend to see more kids doing it, said Abramo, who said two of his patients have died playing the choking game. The spread of the event is definitely faster. One challenge that scares Abramo involves being hit on the head with a bench or a folding chair to see if you can take it, he said. A lot of the time, they cant. Fractures, concussions, lacerations, Abramo said. Just the things you would think would happen. Once you see some of these videos, you go, Oh my God,' the doctor said. The Darwin award videos, which involve varying dangerous challenges, are the worst hes seen. Survival of the stupidest. I cant believe it happens. It defies logic, Abramo said. YouTubes guidelines prohibit content that encourages dangerous behavior, but 72 hours of new video are uploaded each minute, according to YouTube statistics, making it difficult to prevent dangerous content being posted. We count on our users to flag content they believe violates the rules, a YouTube spokesman said. We review flagged videos around the clock and remove all those that violate our policies. Dr. Alan Hilfer, a child psychologist at Maimonides Medical Center, said he thinks the existing videos validate risky behavior for teens and give them a way to get notoriety if they post a video. He said he hears a lot about YouTubes amateur ultimate fighting videos, which show teen fights with are no rules just bare knuckles. A kid showed me his video of that, and it was appalling, he said. These kids were beating each other to a pulp, and kids were standing around and cheering until somebody gave up. Hilfer, who has worked as a child psychologist for four decades, said videos also validate anorexia and cutting by making them seem normal. However, Dr. Carol Bernstein, a psychiatry professor at New York Universitys Langone Medical Center, said she doesnt think YouTube alone is to blame for teens engaging in challenges that could seriously injure them because many factors are involved. She said other environmental factors, physiology, and temperament contribute to a childs decision to emulate a video. Stress here should be on knowing our children, watching behaviors and having conversations with them, Bernstein said. Theres no substitute for parents and teachers who are engaging with their kids in general. She said if parents discover their child is hurting himself or herself in any way, they should have a conversation with that child. If necessary, she said parents should reach out to a pediatrician to see if he or she should be evaluated by a child psychologist. The message here if for parents to not be afraid to have conversations with their children, she said. We need to do that. Ada Del Riego English 4 honors/ per. 6 Mr. Wright Article Assignment Dangerous Stunts Seen on YouTube Hurting, Even Killing Teens http://usfencounter.stfrancis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/2956.gif http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQCx80ongRk-y6fSG3R1QgrTQqvjnPF-Mcoy5Tt6bq3RPY0O1ID http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRs6FPiV59kCxKbDYRUSw6YHQHFpbUeHqOxLOzHbEXkXynS_iAg ABC news have informed us about the new game that is killing many teens today. It comes to be that there is a new game, a game in which is causing many teens to lose their lives or suffer major injuries. This game is called the choking game. David Nuno became one of the teenagers to die in a freak accident trying to attempt the choking game. He was with a group of friends and while he was attempting to suffocate himself he fell on top of a glass cup. The cup shredded into pieces because he broke it with his collarbone. The piece of glass allowed it to slice through his interior and exterior jugular arteries which caused him to have internal bleeding. When his friend noticed that David wasnt responding they turned Davids body over and he was bleeding extensively. One of Davids friends went to go reach for his parents and when his dad arrived to where David was at he applied a lot of pressure to Davids head. They called paramedics but that didnt save the life of David Nuno. The paramed ics did everything possible to keep David alive but moments later Davids pulse was gone and somebody had died because of a game that many kids are curious to try. Many of these kids are being informed by these games by the social web. You tube takes big part on this game because there are videos posted on how kids can learn how to choke themselves without a problem. Kids do these activities in groups with friends but the sad part is like Advocate Judy Rogg said these kids dont believe that they are doing any wrong in practicing these games. On the ABC news video interview, advocate Judy Rogg has a story to tell and a message to send out. Her own child was killed by this game and she as a mother didnt understand why her child who had it all would want to go ahead and try this game. As well kids say that this is a safer game to play instead of doing drugs. Judys child heard about this game in school and without her knowing Judys son grabs his boy scout rope and decides to hang himself, when police were called in to the scene they investigated that Judys son did not commit suicide if not he was trying to attempt the game called the choking game. Judy Rogg has channeled her grief to making a change in society. She has gone around the world to make notice that the choking game has to stop or at least let students know about this game and what it can do to you before trying it. It has been known that 416 facilities have been reported for playing the choking game. As well Dr. Thomas Abramo has said that he has seen almost every type of case in the ER and he believes that the kids are looking at these games like trends and something cool to do and follow. For this reason a lot of these kids are following the trend and its happening at a rapid pace. This is why Dr. Thomas blames the social media for these open ideas kids have now. For example Dr. Thomas stated If you get one kid doing it, you tend to see more kids doing it, which caused the spread of the event to happen definitely faster. These games have different names around the world for example the first name known would be the chocking game, knock out and as well California knockout. Unfortunately this isnt the only game being played, many other students also play games called the cinnamon challenge, the salt-and-ice challenge, chubby bunny and even extreme fighting. The cinnamon challenge is when you get a spoon full of powdered cinnamon you eat it and try to swallow it. It has caused several of students to lose their breath and cause the cinnamon to stay in their throat leaving the students with no way to breathe. People who have asthma are extremely in danger because it clogs up your lungs and causes you to have shortness of breath. The chubby bunny game is when you have a bag of marshmallows and you try to attempt to stick one marshmallow at a time while each marshmallow you stick you have to say chubby bunny. This is a dangerous game for the reason that in the moment that you are laughing and having a good time one marshmallow can fly to the back of your throat and choke you. The hamlet procedure will have to be given to you but in any time you wont have the luck to survive the chubby bunny. Dr. Abramo has also seen cases in which kids have themselves be beaten up to see how much they can take from something and the cases end up that they really cant take much of it. They get fractured; have concussions, and even lacerations. Dr. Abramo stated that the worst videos he has seen have been from the Darwin award but he states himself that the people who attempt these stunts define the word logic. It has come to a conclusion in which Dr. Abramo has made his own opinion that the social web has taken part in many of these kids putting their lives in danger. YouTube has guidelines in which prohibits the people to encourage themselves to do any dangerous stunt. Even though a new video is being posted up almost every seventy- two hours YouTube statistics have said that it has been harder to post up videos. As well YouTube encourages that their members flag the content that violates the rules and regulations that YouTube asks for. YouTube spokesman said We review flagged videos around the clock and remove all those that violate our policies. Dr. Alan Hilfer who is a psychologist at the Maimonides Medical Center states that these videos have changed the behavior of teens, posting up these videos give them notoriety in which changes teens behavior. Dr. Alan has seen this reaction among the kids because someone showed him a YouTube video where kids were beating each other up and all the other kids watching the fight where just cheering and didnt have any state of mind to stop this fight. Dr. Alan has been in this industry for over four decades and he doesnt remember ever seeing this type of behavior or even kids cutting themselves. Another Dr. Carol Bernstein states that she doesnt believe that the social web has so many faults on the kids reaction to these videos, she believes that YouTube itself alone is to blame for teens reacting the way they do. She believes environmental factors, physiology, and temperament cause a childs decision to emulate a video. Dr. Carol also states that parents should take a big part in their kids lives. Dr. Carol says that if any parent or teacher sees any change with their student or child they should have a deep conversation or if not they can receive help by someone else. This article wanted to state a message to parents out in the world to not be afraid to have conversations with their children. This article talks about the dangerous stunts seen on YouTube in which are hurting teens and even killing them. These games are games being played because peer pressure is put upon most students. Trends are meant to be followed as in fashion and the latest cars but not in dangerous games. For most teens any game that is being played students want to try to attempt it and follow what everyone else is doing, just because they believe that these game can cause them to get noticed or either become the cool girl or guy in school. These games have caused a lot of unexpected deaths, which is not worth to hear that your family member or friend was killed while playing one of these games. I believe that these games should be put to a stop for the reason that students dont know the consequences to these games and they are trying them without knowing if their lives can be in danger. Peer pressure takes a big part in teen society. Once your part of a group of friends everyone wants to get along, fit in with each other and as well look alike in different occasions. For these reasons a game takes a big part as well as in drinking. If one student is influenced into drinking or even doing drugs I believe kids mentality would be short enough to not notice that the game they played has caused deaths around the world. Students are sometimes pressured into wearing things they dont like, things that only students believe that they can look part of the group and not a part of what everyone else and what they are doing. As well I believe that students dont know when to stand up from what is right and wrong. When Dr. Abramo witnesses to watch a video where kids are being beaten up to points that they get black out is crazy. These students are around the fight or even watching the video as if they would like to be there in person and even picking sides to who was a better fig hter. Doctors have realized that teens now a day dont know what is good and bad and what they should stand up for. Another big part that takes place in these games is the imagination kids have now a days to entertain themselves. Sometime technology takes a big part of students lives. I believe that TV shows like Ridiculousness are TV shows that show students that these stunts are capable of doing, capable of getting hurt, and capable of not listening to the content that tells students that these stunts are not supposed to be attempted. As well YouTube has been one of the teens major resources for students to look up videos that they can imitate. There have been a lot of videos on YouTube in which they havent been flagged or reviewed to see if its an appropriate video to watch. Students just look at this as a way to be cool and attempt something that somebody else did that everyone else would like to see. The concerns that many of our teachers, parents and guardian have for us isnt because they want to be over protective if not they dont want occasions like these to happen. Health is a big part to look at when youre doing something that you believe wont get you hurt, but statistics have said by the ABC news that at least fifty percent of the teens population have tried these outrageous games. Most of the population has been boys. Teens have to realize that these games arent games to be played because they come with one consequence and that is death. Stress is a reason for the kids to act the way they do as well. This should put a warning sign to the teachers, parents and guardians so that they can notice if anything is wrong with their student or child. As well its recommended to know if there is a change in anything you see out of the ordinary on anyone to report it to someone older who can give it to the authority. Doctors as well have seen the number of increase in how kids are att empting these games and come to the hospital with the explanation that they got hurt playing these games. I remember games being played when I was little but not the games today that teens are hearing about. Hide and Seek, Catch me if you can and card games are all game that teens and even younger kids play. Younger kids are more influenced to do something that their friend has asked them to do because they are friends and the innocence in a kid and teen isnt t noticed to them yet. Kids and teens trust their friends almost as much as they trust their own family and if playing a game like truth or dare is fun, they wont see any harm in playing it. Stunts are not meant to be done by children, teens or unprofessional people. Stunts that are posted on YouTube and other websites are either meant for you to see and laugh at or enjoy it. It has come to the conclusion that because of these stunts there have been lifes lost just because others want to attempt something that can cause you harm just because youre not capable for it. In this occasion I believe since there isnt much to do any more about these kids to stop playing these games the best way to handle the situation is to create an organization in where students and teens all around the world can pledge to not playing these games because they are dangerous. Its the same concept used in how ATT is using the schools and people to pledge to not driving and texting. Opinions by the public have been made that our society isnt thinking correctly and day by day they just go ahead and sacrifice their life for something that isnt worth trying. The public blames this situation in many different ways. First they blame the person for doing the stunt because either they are not realizing what they are doing or are just too dumb to notice. As well they are blaming the parents because they are not taking too much responsibility to what their children do and act, and lastly the public blames the media because these stories keep on coming up and it never dies down. It just gives a more of an opportunity for the people to hear about the situation and continue it. I cant disagree with none of these statements because all of them come into play in this story and article. Everyone has a fault in the situations that the teens face today and for this reason I believe that media, parents, and children should all sit down and realize that they have some fault in wha t has happened. They should all as well help out and find a way where everyone can help out and fix the situation. Media for once should only display what is correct to display and the negativity on deaths and stunts like these should be kept to a minimum on who should find out about these situations. Then again I believe that the article caught my attention because there are so many ways to look at the situation and as well many ways to interpret your own opinion in this article from what you believe is right and wrong, towards what you believe has the most fault in this article and what should be changed to make our society better and make our people understand that these stunts are not meant to be done or shown to others if not done by a professional.

The Holocaust Essays -- History, Nazi, The Nuremberg Trials

It is without a doubt that the Holocaust will forever go down in history as one of the most heinous crimes against humanity. Even years after the Nazi leadership, effects of the war still haunt the streets of Germany and the memories of the few survivors still alive today. Hitler and his Nazi regime held power in Germany from 1939 until 1945, when they were defeated by the Allied forces (Davenport 10). Within that time, Hitler was responsible for the death of six million Jewish people, and millions of other non-Jews. (Davenport 10) However, when the war ended, it was a big question as to who to blame for these horrendous crimes. Several of Hitler’s head leaders, and Hitler himself, either committed suicide or went into hiding before they could be captured (Austin 2000). In Hitler’s last testament, he was quoted to have said, â€Å"I do not wish to fall into the hands of enemies who will need a spectacle arranged by Jews† (Davenport 18). However, Hitler left behi nd several of his top officers and commanders, who were rounded up and taken to Nuremberg for trial (Davenport 16). Along with the Nazi soldiers and generals, between 100,000 and 250,000 Germans directly played a part in the killings and persecution of Jewish citizens in Nazi Germany (Davenport 13). Some believe that it was necessary to hold all German citizens responsible for their involvement in these crimes against humanity; however the Nuremberg trials were the best solution for justice, as they showed ignorance and duty were no longer viable excuses for crimes, and they set a precedent for future trials by demonstrating a strong intolerance for genocide. Before the trials began, the Allied forces debated on whether it was necessary to try these men, or if it would be bes... ...courts (fix citation). The Nuremberg trials are still heavily debated today, in regards to their effectiveness and whether or not it put the blame on the correct people. However, the trials were highly successful. Several of the men were hung for their crimes, and others were sentenced to strenuous prison terms with conditioning therapy afterwards. The Nuremberg Trials has had lasting effect on the world. After these trials, the United Nations began to adopt the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which established that there were such things as crimes against humanity, and that they could be tried any in the world (UMKC).The Nuremberg trials were truly the best solution for justice, showed ignorance and duty were no longer viable excuses for crimes, and it set a precedent for future trials by a strong intolerance for genocide.